Conventions
and Protocols
Tuesday, February 5, 2019 11:50 AM
International
Summits relating to Environment
🔸Before United Nation ( Not important)
🔸After United Nation
International
environment Law became get creation of UN and it's specialized agencies in 1945
Unofficial Summits
and Organisations
💠The first global conference on Environment UNESCO
·
-United nation educational scientific and cultural
organisation held in 1968 @ Stock Holm
·
-This is also known as Human Conference on Environment
·
-Discussion :: On the Scientific Basis for rational
use and conservation of resources
💠Green Issues in 1960s
·
During 1960s impact of human activities on the
environment has resulted in new social , political , and ecological movement
brought with the name of GREEN ISSUES
·
Green Network , Green Peace and Frames of the Earth
are Non-Governmental Organisation throughout the world including India
·
These all initiatives Boosted environmental protection
and preservation in the world
🔸GREEN PEACE
·
It's a group of 40 countries
·
Headquarters : Amsterdam
·
A Canadian Environmentalist introduced this word
·
It's main Objective is To make earth a better place to
live and to create awareness among the people for climate change,
deforestation, excessive fishing, genetic engineering and non nuclear issues
·
In 1989 European elections put green issues as a
political agenda in their election campaign.
🔸GREEN PARTY
·
It was a political party work with ecological wisdom
·
Green Party aims to create adjust equitable and
sustainable society with focus of various efforts for future prospects
1. To fight
against Genetically modified Organisms and Monsanto
2. To fight against builders lobby those are cementing
the soil and water bodies
3. To push the boundaries of democratic space for
natural land
OFFICIAL SUMMITS AND ORGANISATION
💠1972 Stock Holm Deceleration
o
Also known as UN Conference of Human Environment
ü This is the first conference on human environment initiated by UNO
ü Here try to observe or measure environment and it's relation shifts with
human
ü 114 Countries have attended
ü 5th June has been decided as a WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY
ü This conference adopted a declaration containing 26 principles which are
plant to motivate and direct people all around the globe in the production and
improvement of the social situation
💠UNEP UN Environmental Program
o
Stock Holm conference proposed a new UN Agency UNEP
o
It established on 1972 Nairobi
o
It sponsors many environmental Programs
ü 1. CITES (1973)
o
Conversion on the control of International Treat in
Endangered Species of Wild, Flora and Fauna
o
formed at Washington
ü 2. CMS (1979)
Convention on Migratory Species
ü 3. VIENNA CONVENTION (1985)
ü 4. MANTREAL PROTOCAL (1987)
ü 5. BASEL CONVENTION (1989)
Ø It implements various environmental Policies and practices by
coordinating various departments
Ø UNEP work with UN Bodies , Global institutions , NGOs , Private sector
and public society
Ø UNEP has also active in funding and implementing various environmental
related projects
💠 IPCC Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change
·
WMO (World Meteorological Organization ) & UNEP established the Inter governmental
Panel on Climate Change in 1988
GREEN INDEX
Published bu UNEP
This Index provides the
combined data if GDP and economic growth of environment
GREEN GDP
·
It evaluate the monitory form of loss of biodiversity
due to climate change
GLOBAL 500 AWARDS
·
It was started by UNEP in 1979
·
It is awarded to any individual or organization that
deals with the environmental protection related issues at Political Social and
Legal Level
CHAMPIONS OF THE EARTH
ü UNEP established it in 2004
ü As on annual awards programme to recognise outstanding environmental
leaders at a policy level
ü 6 awards are given every year
ü This award program is a successor of Global 500
ü This is awarded for Public, private sector and Public society
ü In 2018 total 7 awards are given
ü India got 2 awards
1. Cochin International Airport in entrepreneur category
2. Narendra Mody as a policy leadership
Other Category::
3. Science and innovation
4. Lifetime achievement award
5. Policy leadership
6. Inspiration and Action
7. General Champion
Why
Modi got Champions of the Earth?
1. To boost up Solar Energy (International Solar
Alliance)
2. To pledge to eliminate Single use of Plastic by
2022
Previously
who received from India?
Mr. Tulasi R Tanti, Founder and Chairman
and MD of Suzlan Energy Limited was named by the UNEP as a Champions of the
Earth for 2009 for his entrepreneurs in climate change
💠World Charter for Nature 1983
o
UN General Assembly established this after 10 years of
completion of Stockholm Conference
o
It highlights the ethics of preservation by which all
anthropogenic actions distressing environment must be directed and referred efficiently
💠Brundt Land Commission (1987)
o
World commission on Environment and development
o
UN General Assembly Establish WCED , Chaired by
Narvian Prime Minister Gro Harlen Brundtland
o
No governmental control on UN system were involved in
establishing the commission
This
commission has given certain reports to keep mandate
a)
It acts as a catalyst which gives directions on
international negotiation among countries concerned with environmental
degradation and conservation.
b)
The report has immensely contributed to the ideology
of sustainable development
c)
This report influence the concept of addressing the
environmental matter in the contest of economic matter
d)
Some of the great contribution of this report are
"Polluter Pay Principle", differential standards for developed and
developing countries and various precautionary principles
💠Earth Summit June 1992
·
UN Conference on Environment and Development
·
Rio Degenario
·
Came into effect in March 1994
·
Major Aim: to reinforce the socio Economic development
and limit of the environmental degradation through co operation between the
emerging and advanced countries
·
This summit resulted in following documents
(1) Rio Declaration for Environmental protection
(2) Agenda 21
·
Non binding voluntarily implemented action plan
·
Contains 300 pages
·
Recommend for UN Convention on combat Desertification
(UNCCD) came in force in 1996
(3) Forest principles
NOTE:
1, 2, 3 are not binding
Under this summit
important legally binding agreements were opened for signatures
4. UNFCCC
5. CBD
6. UNCCD UN Convention on combat Desertification
Note:
4, 5, 6 are binding
🔸RioDizenario Declaration
🔸Agenda 21 {
21st Century }
·
It highlights the strategy to create innovative
Strategies and platform for nation wide administration. So that it can
implement the Rio Declaration Mission.
·
It contains 40 Chapters emphasising on topics like
challenges faced by poor people, health hazards, maintaining farming,
deforestation, desertification, degradation of land, hazardous waste, air and
water pollution, release of toxic chemicals and impact on biological diversity
etc....
🔸Forest Principle
·
It deals with management, conservation, sustainable
development of all kinds of forest both natural and human made
·
It motivates the government to promote participation
of communities (Adivasi, Tribes) in development and implementation and planning
of national forest policies where environmental protection, social and
financial development relating to forest should be incorporated.
💠UNFCCC
·
-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
·
-Brought in 1992 at Earth Summit Rio
·
-Came in force in 1994
·
-197 Parties
·
To develop a frame work and try to reduce green house
gases to maintain global atmospheric temperature
·
-CBD & UNCCD are the sister conventions of UNFCCC
🔸Classification of UNFCCC countries
3 group of Countries
1. Annex -1
-Industrialised countries and European Countries
-Countries they agreed to decrease their release of
emissions to aim 5.2% below their 1990 level by 2012
2. Annex 2
Includes developed countries and European Countries
which provide monetary resources for the emerging countries
Includes OECD (Organisation of Economics co operation
and development ) also there
3. Annex -3
Developing countries
💠UNCCD
·
-United Nation Combat Conversion on Desertification
·
-Formed on the recommendations of Agenda 21
·
-Accepted in 1994
·
-Came in to force in 1996
·
-Aim: A nation wide action program that incorporate
extended period of strategies with the help of international cooperation
against desertification
·
-The year 2006 was declared as International year of
desert and desertification
·
This conversion acknowledge exclusively arid, semi
arid and dry sub humid areas which are exclusively known as Dry lands
·
-195 countries
·
-Recent convention is held in 2017 in Ordas, China
🔸Committee on Science and Technology
·
-It was recognised by UNCCD
·
It is constituted of government representative capable
in the fields of relevant to combat desertification and mitigating the effects
of draught
·
This committee identified the priorities for research
and recommend ways for intensify cooperation among the researchers
·
-It is a multidisciplinary and all parties are allowed
to participate
Note:
UNFCCC, CBD & UNCCD are binding
💠Rio +5
·
In
1997 UN General Assembly held a special meeting to evaluate the status on
Agenda -21
·
Focus
point :: Agenda to Action
💠Rio +10
(JohensBerg Declaration)
·
It
also popular as World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
·
WSSD
summit occurred 10 years after 1st earth summit
·
It
ended in a major disappoint as no new commitment where meet to tackle any
environmental crises by the Government
·
It
ended with weak and non binding agreement to promote sustainable development
💠Rio +
Summit
·
Held
at Riodezenario , Brazil
·
Centre
Point of Summit:: Agenda -21
·
It
was considered as a revolutionary in the sense that it is essentially created
the term Sustainable development and created the global environmental agenda
for next 20 years
·
This
conference has some partnership declarations with other countries
·
Various
issues were initiated under this conferences
·
Requirement
of Sustainable Development
·
Removal
of Food crises
·
Development
of transport systems in developing countries with the help of developed
countries in transportation infrastructure like BS -IV and etc..
·
-Development
of Green Economy
·
International
partnership with developing Countries
💠Sustainable
Development Goals
🔸Club of Roam ::
Founded
in 1968 at Roam , Italy
A
global think tank first proposed sustainable development goals in 1972
It
deals verity of international issues like world economic system , climate
change and environmental degradation
🔸MDG
Adopted
in Millennium Summit of UN in 2000
Under
MDG 8 international development goals where decided to achieve by 2015
MDGs
was for both developed and developing countries
During
that period all UN states at least 30 international organizations are committed
to achieve MDG by 2015
🔸SDGs { Non Binding }
ü
SDGs
was implemented on June, 2016 and will be ended on 2030 as it replaced the MDGs
ü
SDGs
was further proposed in 2012
ü
-It
is officially called as transforming our world the 2030 agenda for development
ü
On
July, 2014 UN General Assembly opened a working group to propose sustainable
development goals with various issues
ü
The
world Government in 2016 adopted a new set of 17 Sustainable goals
ü
SDG
are applicable to all UN member nation
ü
For
both developing and Developed countries
🔷17 SDGs are
|
The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs)
|
|
GOAL 1: No Poverty
|
|
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
|
|
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
|
|
GOAL 4: Quality Education
|
|
GOAL 5: Gender Equality
|
|
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
|
|
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
|
|
GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
|
|
GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure
|
|
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
|
|
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
|
|
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and
Production
|
|
GOAL 13: Climate Action
|
|
GOAL 14: Life Below Water
|
|
GOAL 15: Life on Land
|
|
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong
Institutions
|
|
GOAL 17: Partnerships
to achieve the Goal
|
💠Ozone
protection based Conventions, Protocol and Summits
1.
Vienna
2.
Mantrial
3.
Kigali
🔸Kigali
agreement ( Replace
·
Signed
by _______________ Countries
·
With
a reason of amending Mantrial protocol in its 28th meeting
·
Held
in Kigali, Africa on 15th Oct, 2016
·
This
agreement was signed to cut down the manufacture use of HFCs by approximately
80-85% from there respective base lines till 2045
·
HFCs
are commonly used in refrigerators and air conditioners
·
It's
a legally binded agreement among signatory parties
·
It
has been decided to come into effect from 1st Jan, 2019
·
It
has divided the signatory parties in to 3 groups
1.
Rich and Developed Countries
(update
needed)
2.
Emerging Economies
(update
needed)
3.
Developing Economies and some of the hottest climatic countries like India,
Pakisthan , Iran , …
(update
needed)
Provisions
for developing countries are also discussed in this agreement
🔸 Implementation of Kigali in India
1. Financial Implications
2. Technology Implications
💠GEF
Global Environmental Facility
·
Founded
in 1991 with 1 B USD as pilot program brought by World Bank
·
Purpose::
To protect global environment
·
In
1992 @ the Rio earth summit the Global Environmental Facility was restructured
and become permanent institution
·
Now
10 GEF agencies that are currently operating for the safety of Global
Environment
·
GEF
unites 183 Countries in partnership with international institutions, civil
society organization and private sectors
·
Today
the GEF is the largest public funder to improve the global environment
The
GEF provider help to work in 7 main areas
1.
biodiversity
2.
climate change mitigation and adaptation
3.
Chemicals
4.
International water bodies
5.
Degradation of Land
6.Sustainable
management of Forest (REDD +)
7.
Depletion of Ozone Layer
💠UNESCO
·
HQ::
Paris
·
195Member
nations
·
5
Major programs of UNESCO
1.
Education
2.
Natural sciences
3.
Social /Human science
5.
Cultural Activities
Note: It works on Abolition of poverty , Sustainable
development also
UNESCOSs
strategies and action also worked earlier to attack MDG
💠MAP Man
and Biosphere Program
·
UNESCO
launched in 1971
·
Intergovernmental
scientific program that aims to establish a scientific foundation for the
development of relationship between people and their environment
·
It
focuses on internationally recognized sites within the world network of
Biosphere reserves
💠
Conservation International (CI)
·
It's
an American non profit Environmental Organization
·
HQ.
in Arlington, Virginia
·
Founded
in 1987 with a goal to protect nature as a source of food and fresh water ,
health, our society and development and everything dependent on ecosystem and
natural biodiversity
·
CI
work by connecting nature to science and technology, policies,
intergovernmental partnership, communities, stake holders, business and much
more to reach their goal of building a healthier environment
·
CI
also plays important to al in designation HOTSPOTS
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